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Ọmụmụ ihe a tụlere ụdị dị iche iche mpaghara na mkpụrụ ndụ cranial nke mmadụ site na iji usoro homology geometric dabere na data nyocha sitere na agbụrụ 148 gburugburu ụwa.Usoro a na-eji teknụzụ dabara adaba nke ndebiri iji mepụta meshes homologous site n'ịme mgbanwe na-esighi ike site na iji ihe nrụtụ aka kacha nso.Site n'itinye nyocha isi ihe na ụdị 342 ahọpụtara, a chọtara mgbanwe kachasị ukwuu n'ogo n'ozuzu ya wee kwado nke ọma maka obere okpokoro isi sitere na South Asia.Ọdịiche nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu bụ ogologo na obosara nke neurocranium, na-egosipụta ọdịiche dị n'etiti okpokoro isi elongated nke ndị Africa na skulls convex nke Northeast Asia.Ọ dị mma ịmara na ihe a nwere obere ihe jikọrọ ya na nhazi ihu.A na-ekwughachi ụdị ihu a ma ama dị ka ntì na-apụta na Northeast Asia na ọkpụkpụ maxillary dị na ndị Europe.Mgbanwe ihu ndị a nwere njikọ chiri anya na contour nke okpokoro isi, karịsịa ogo nke ọchịchọ nke ọkpụkpụ ihu na occipital.Ahụrụ ụkpụrụ allometric na nha ihu n'ihe gbasara nha okpokoro isi n'ozuzu ya;n'okpokoro isi, usoro ihu ihu na-adị ogologo ma dị warara, dịka e gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala America na Northeast Asia.Ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe anyị agụnyeghị data na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike imetụta ọdịdị ọdịdị nke cranial, dị ka ọnọdụ ihu igwe ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nri, nnukwu data nke usoro cranial homologous ga-aba uru n'ịchọ nkọwa dị iche iche maka njirimara phenotypic skeletal.
A na-amụ ihe dị iche iche nke mpaghara na ọdịdị nke okpokoro isi mmadụ ruo ogologo oge.Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta enyochala ụdị mgbanwe mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na / ma ọ bụ nhọrọ okike, karịsịa ọnọdụ ihu igwe1,2,3,4,5,6,7 ma ọ bụ ọrụ masticatory dabere na ọnọdụ nri nri5,8,9,10,11,12.13. .Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ ọmụmụ lekwasịrị anya na mmetụta ọkpọkọ, mịga mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ma ọ bụ usoro evolushọn stochastic kpatara site na mmụgharị mkpụrụ ndụ na-anọpụ iche14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a kọwawo ọdịdị okirikiri nke oghere cranial sara mbara na nke dị mkpụmkpụ dị ka mmegharị maka nrụgide nhọrọ dị ka iwu Allen24 si kwuo, nke na-ekwupụta na anụ mamma na-ebelata okpomọkụ site n'ibelata ebe elu ahụ dị na volume2,4,16,17,25. .Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ ọmụmụ na-eji Bergmann's rule26 akọwawo mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nha okpokoro isi na okpomọkụ3,5,16,25,27, na-atụ aro na nha n'ozuzu ya na-ebuwanye ibu na mpaghara oyi iji gbochie okpomọkụ.Arụrịtara ụka gbasara mmetụta arụrụ arụ nke nrụgide masticatory na usoro uto nke oghere cranial na ọkpụkpụ ihu n'ihe metụtara ọnọdụ nri sitere na omenala nri ma ọ bụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achụ nta 8,9,11,12,28.Nkọwa n'ozuzu bụ na mbelata nrụgide ịta nri na-ebelata ike nke ọkpụkpụ ihu na mọzụlụ.Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ ejikọtala ụdị isi okpokoro isi dị iche iche na nsonaazụ phenotypic nke anya mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-anọpụ iche kama ime mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi21,29,30,31,32.Nkọwa ọzọ maka mgbanwe na ọdịdị okpokoro isi dabere na echiche nke isometric ma ọ bụ uto allometric6,33,34,35.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụbụrụ buru ibu na-enwekarị lobes ihu ihu na mpaghara a na-akpọ "Broca's cap", na obosara nke lobes ihu na-abawanye, usoro evolushọn nke a na-atụle dabere na uto allometric.Na mgbakwunye, otu nnyocha na-enyocha mgbanwe ogologo oge na ọdịdị okpokoro isi chọtara ọdịdị allometric n'ebe brachycephaly (ọchịchọ nke okpokoro isi na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mbara) na-abawanye elu33.
Ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nyocha n'ime morphology cranial gụnyere mbọ iji chọpụta ihe ndị na-akpata maka akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụdị dị iche iche nke cranial.Ụzọ ọdịnala ndị e ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe mbụ gbadoro ụkwụ na data nha nha nha anya bivariate, na-ejikarị nkọwa Martin ma ọ bụ Howell36,37.N'otu oge ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu jiri ụzọ dị elu karịa nke dabeere na nkà na ụzụ 3D geometric morphometry (GM) 5,7,10,11,12,13,17,20,27,34,35,38.39. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro semilandmark na-amị amị, nke dabere na mbelata ume ike, bụ usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe na usoro ndu transgenic.Ọ na-arụpụta akara ngosi ọkara nke ndebiri na nlele nke ọ bụla site n'ife n'akụkụ akụkụ ma ọ bụ elu38,40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Gụnyere ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ dị n'elu, ọtụtụ ihe ọmụmụ 3D GM na-eji nyocha Procrustes n'ozuzu ya, ebe kachasị nso (ICP) algọridim 47 iji kwe ka ntụnyere ọdịdị na ijide mgbanwe.N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-ejikwa usoro spline dị gịrịgịrị (TPS) 48,49 dị ka usoro mgbanwe na-esighi ike maka ịde nhazi nke ọkara ala n'ụdị dabere na ntupu.
Site na mmepe nke ihe nyocha ahụ dum nke 3D bara uru kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ejirila nyocha ahụ dum 3D maka nha nha50,51.Ejiri data nyocha wepụta akụkụ ahụ, nke chọrọ ịkọwapụta ọdịdị elu dị ka elu karịa igwe ojii.Ụdị dabara adaba bụ usoro emepụtara maka ebumnuche a na mpaghara eserese kọmputa, ebe a na-akọwa ọdịdị elu ya site na ụdị ntupu polygonal.Nzọụkwụ mbụ na ụkpụrụ dabara adaba bụ ịkwadebe ụdị ntupu iji mee ihe dị ka ndebiri.Ụfọdụ vertices mebere ụkpụrụ ahụ bụ akara ala.A na-emezigharị template ahụ ma mee ka ọ dị n'elu iji belata ohere dị n'etiti template na ígwé ojii mgbe ị na-echekwa njirimara mpaghara nke template ahụ.Akara ala dị na ndebiri dabara na akara ala dị n'igwe ojii.Iji template dabara adaba, enwere ike ịkọwa data nyocha niile dị ka ihe ntupu nwere otu ọnụọgụ data yana otu topology.Ọ bụ ezie na homology ziri ezi dị naanị n'ọnọdụ ndị dị ịrịba ama, enwere ike iche na enwere homology izugbe n'etiti ụdị emepụtara ebe ọ bụ na mgbanwe dị na geometry nke ndebiri dị obere.Ya mere, ụdị grid mepụtara site na ntinye ndebiri na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ homology model52.Uru nke template dabara bụ na enwere ike ịmegharị template ahụ ma gbanwee ya n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe a na-achọsi ike nke dị nso na elu ma dị anya site na ya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, zygomatic arch na mpaghara oge nke okpokoro isi) na-enweghị emetụta nke ọ bụla. ọzọ.nrụrụ.N'ụzọ dị otú a, template nwere ike na-echekwara na alaka ihe dị ka toso ma ọ bụ ogwe aka, na ubu na-eguzo ọtọ.Ọdịmma nke ndebiri dabara bụ ọnụ ahịa mgbakọ na mwepụ dị elu nke ugboro ugboro, agbanyeghị, n'ihi mmụba dị ịrịba ama na arụmọrụ kọmputa, nke a abụghịzi okwu.Site n'ịtụle ụkpụrụ nhazi nke vertices nke mejupụtara ụdị ntupu site na iji usoro nyocha multivariate dị ka isi ihe nyocha (PCA), ọ ga-ekwe omume nyochaa mgbanwe na ọdịdị elu dum na ọdịdị mebere n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla na nkesa.enwere ike ịnata.Gbakọọ na were anya nke uche53.N'oge a, a na-eji ụdị ntupu emepụtara site na dabara adaba n'ụdị n'ụdị dị iche iche52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Ọganihu na teknụzụ ndekọ ntupu na-agbanwe agbanwe, yana mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ngwaọrụ nyocha 3D nwere ike inyocha na mkpebi dị elu, ọsọ na ngagharị karịa CT, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịdekọ data elu 3D n'agbanyeghị ebe ọ nọ.Ya mere, n'ihe gbasara nkà mmụta ihe omimi dị otú ahụ, nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme ka ikike ịgụta ọnụ na nyochaa ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, gụnyere ụdị okpokoro isi, nke bụ nzube nke ọmụmụ a.
Na nchịkọta, ọmụmụ a na-eji teknụzụ homology modeling 3D dị elu dabere na ndebiri dakọtara (Njirimara 1) iji nyochaa ụdị okpokoro isi 342 ahọpụtara site na mmadụ 148 n'ụwa niile site na ntụnyere mpaghara gburugburu ụwa.Ụdị dị iche iche nke morphology cranial (Table 1).Iji nweta nkọwapụta maka mgbanwe na morphology nke okpokoro isi, anyị tinyere nyocha PCA na nnabata arụmọrụ (ROC) na nhazi data nke ụdị homology anyị mepụtara.Ihe nchoputa a ga-enye aka n'inweta nghota nke oma banyere mgbanwe uwa n'uwa na cranial morphology, tinyere usoro mpaghara na ibelata usoro mgbanwe, mgbanwe jikọtara n'etiti akụkụ cranial, na ọnụnọ nke usoro allometric.Ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe a anaghị akọwa data gbasara mgbanwe dị iche iche nke ihu igwe ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nri nke nwere ike imetụta ọdịdị nke cranial morphology, usoro ọdịdị ala nke cranial morphology edere na ọmụmụ anyị ga-enyere aka ịchọpụta ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, biomechanical, na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mgbanwe cranial.
Tebụl 2 na-egosi ọnụ ahịa eigenvalues na ọnụ ọgụgụ ntinye aka PCA etinyere na dataset na-akwadoghị nke vertices 17,709 (nchịkọta 53,127 XYZ) nke ụdị okpokoro isi 342 homologous.N'ihi ya, a chọpụtara 14 isi ihe ndị dị na ya, nke ntinye aka na mkpokọta dị iche iche karịrị 1%, na ngụkọta nke mgbanwe bụ 83.68%.A na-edekọ vectors na-ebunye ihe ndị bụ isi 14 na tebụl mgbakwunye S1, na akara akụrụngwa agbakọrọ maka ihe nlele okpokoro isi 342 ka ewepụtara na tebụl mgbakwunye S2.
Ọmụmụ ihe a tụlere ihe dị mkpa itoolu nwere onyinye karịrị 2%, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-egosi mgbanwe dị ukwuu na mpaghara mpaghara na morphology cranial.Ọgụgụ 2 na-atụpụta akụkụ akụkụ nke sitere na nyocha ROC iji gosi akụkụ PCA kachasị dị irè maka ịkọwapụta ma ọ bụ kewapụta nchikota nke ihe nlele ọ bụla n'ofe mpaghara mpaghara (dịka, n'etiti mba Africa na ndị na-abụghị Africa).A nwaleghị nchikota Polynesia n'ihi obere ihe nlele ejiri na ule a.E gosipụtara data gbasara mkpa ndịiche dị na AUC na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ agbakọrọ site na iji nyocha ROC na tebụl mgbakwunye S3.
A na-etinye akụkụ ROC na atụmatụ akụrụngwa itoolu nke dabere na dataset vertex nwere ụdị okpokoro isi nwoke 342.AUC: Mpaghara dị n'okpuru okirikiri na 0.01% pụtara iji mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngwakọta ala na mkpokọta ndị ọzọ.TPF bụ ezi ihe dị mma ( ịkpa oke dị irè), FPF bụ ezigbo ụgha ( ịkpa oke na-ezighi ezi).
A na-achịkọta nkọwa nke ROC curve n'okpuru ebe a, na-elekwasị anya naanị na ihe ndị nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu ntụnyere site n'inwe nnukwu AUC ma ọ bụ dịtụ ukwuu na ọkwa dị elu nke nwere ike dị n'okpuru 0.001.Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke South Asia (Fig 2a), nke nwere otutu ihe omuma sitere na India, di iche na ihe omuma ndi ozo di iche iche na mpaghara nke mbu (PC1) nwere nnukwu AUC (0.856) ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndi ozo.Akụkụ nke mgbagwoju anya Africa (Fig 2b) bụ nnukwu AUC nke PC2 (0.834).Austro-Melanesian (Fig 2c) gosipụtara omume yiri nke ahụ na ndị Sub-Saharan Africa site na PC2 nwere nnukwu AUC (0.759).Ndị Europe (Fig 2d) dị iche iche n'ụzọ doro anya na nchikota PC2 (AUC = 0.801), PC4 (AUC = 0.719) na PC6 (AUC = 0.671), ihe atụ nke Northeast Asia (Fig 2e) dị iche na PC4, na-enwe ntakịrị ihe. 0.714 ka ukwuu, na ọdịiche dị na PC3 adịghị ike (AUC = 0.688).Achọpụtakwara ìgwè ndị a na ụkpụrụ AUC dị ala na ọkwa dị elu dị elu: Nsonaazụ maka PC7 (AUC = 0.679), PC4 (AUC = 0.654) na PC1 (AUC = 0.649) gosiri na ụmụ amaala America (Fig 2f) nwere kpọmkwem. njirimara jikọtara ya na ihe ndị a, Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia (Fig 2g) dị iche n'ofe PC3 (AUC = 0.660) na PC9 (AUC = 0.663), ma ụkpụrụ maka ihe atụ sitere na Middle East (Fig 2h) (gụnyere North Africa) kwekọrọ.Tụnyere ndị ọzọ ọ nweghị nnukwu ọdịiche.
Na nzọụkwụ na-esonụ, iji anya na-akọwa nke ukwuu njikọ vertices, ebe nke elu na elu ibu ụkpụrụ ka 0.45 na-acha na X, Y, na Z nhazi ozi, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 3. Ebe a na-acha uhie uhie na-egosi njikọ dị elu na ya. Nchịkọta X-axis, nke dabara na ntụgharị ntụgharị kwụ ọtọ.Mpaghara akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-ejikọta nke ọma na nhazi kwụ ọtọ nke axis Y, na mpaghara ojii na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-ejikọta ya na nhazi sagittal nke axis Z.A na-ejikọta mpaghara na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-ejikọta axes nhazi Y na axes nhazi Z;pink - mpaghara agwakọtara jikọtara ya na axe nhazi nke X na Z;edo edo - mpaghara jikọtara ya na axe nhazi nhazi X na Y;Ebe ọcha nwere axis nhazi X, Y na Z gosipụtara.Ya mere, n'ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ahịa ibu a, PC 1 na-ejikọta ya na elu okpokoro isi dum.A na-egosipụtakwa ụdị okpokoro isi nke 3 SD nke dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke axis akụrụngwa a n'ọnụọgụ a, a na-egosipụtakwa onyonyo gbagọrọ agbagọ na mgbakwunye Video S1 iji gosi na anya na PC1 nwere ihe ndị nwere nha okpokoro isi.
Nkesa ugboro ugboro nke PC1 scores (nkịtị dabara n'usoro), agba maapụ elu okpokoro isi na-ejikọta ya na vertices PC1 (nkọwa nke agba ndị metụtara ịdị ukwuu nke akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke axis a bụ 3 SD. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ okirikiri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na dayameta. nke 50 mm.
Ọgụgụ 3 na-egosi atụmatụ nkesa ugboro ugboro (usoro dabara adaba) nke akara PC1 onye ọ bụla gbakọrọ iche maka nkeji ala 9.Na mgbakwunye na atụmatụ mgbagharị ROC (Njirimara 2), atụmatụ ndị South Asia na-agbadata n'aka ekpe ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ n'ihi na okpokoro isi ha pere mpe karịa nke otu mpaghara ndị ọzọ.Dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 1, ndị South Asia ndị a na-anọchite anya agbụrụ dị n'India gụnyere Andaman na Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka na Bangladesh.
Ahụrụ ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ na PC1.Nchọpụta nke mpaghara nwere njikọ chiri anya na ọdịdị mebere mere ka akọwapụta ihe ụdị maka ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị PC1;Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị mgbe nile ka a na-ekpochapụ ihe ndị dị nhata kpamkpam.Dị ka egosiri site n'ịtụle akụkụ ROC (Njirimara 2), PC2 na PC4 bụ ndị kacha ịkpa oke, PC6 na PC7 sochiri.PC3 na PC9 na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịkekọrịta ọnụọgụgụ ọnụọgụgụ n'ime nkeji ala.N'ihi ya, ndị a ụzọ abụọ nke akụrụngwa axes schematically na-egosi agbasasịplots nke PC scores na agba na-ebupụta ukwuu correlated na nke ọ bụla akụrụngwa, yana mebere udi deformations na akụkụ nke-abụghị akụkụ nke 3 SD (fig. 4, 5, 6).Mkpuchi convex hull nke sample sitere na mpaghara mpaghara ọ bụla nọchiri anya n'ime atụmatụ ndị a dị ihe dịka 90%, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ogo nke ndakọrịta n'ime ụyọkọ.Tebụl 3 na-enye nkọwa nke akụrụngwa PCA ọ bụla.
Scatterplots nke PC2 na PC4 scores maka cranial ndị mmadụ site na itoolu geographic nkeji (n'elu) na anọ mpaghara nkeji (ala), plots nke okpokoro isi agba agba nke vertices nke ukwuu jikọtara PC ọ bụla (n'ihe metụtara X, Y, Z).Nkọwa ụcha nke anyụike: lee ederede), na nrụrụ nke ụdị dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke axes ndị a bụ 3 SD.Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ okirikiri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na dayameta nke 50 mm.
Scatterplots nke PC6 na PC7 scores maka cranial ndị mmadụ site na itoolu geographic nkeji (n'elu) na abụọ mpaghara nkeji (ala), cranial elu agba nkata maka vertices nke ukwuu jikọtara na onye ọ bụla PC (ihe metụtara X, Y, Z).Nkọwa ụcha nke anyụike: lee ederede), na nrụrụ nke ụdị dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke axes ndị a bụ 3 SD.Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ okirikiri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na dayameta nke 50 mm.
Scatterplots nke PC3 na PC9 scores maka ndị cranial sitere na mpaghara itoolu (n'elu) na nkeji ala atọ (ala), na agba agba nke elu okpokoro isi (n'ihe metụtara X, Y, Z axes) nke vertices jikọtara ya na nkọwa agba PC ọ bụla. : cm.ederede), yana nrụrụ n'ụdị dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke axes ndị a nwere oke 3 SD.Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ okirikiri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na dayameta nke 50 mm.
Na eserese na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke PC2 na PC4 (Fig 4, Videos mgbakwunye S2, S3 na-egosi ihe oyiyi ndị nwere nkwarụ), a na-egosipụtakwa maapụ agba elu mgbe ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ahịa dị elu karịa 0.4, nke dị ala karịa na PC1 n'ihi na PC2 uru mkpokọta ibu dị obere karịa na PC1.
Elongation nke ihu na occipital lobes na sagittal direction n'akụkụ Z-axis (acha anụnụ anụnụ) na parietal lobe na coronal direction (red) na pink), Y-axis nke occiput (green) na Z-axis. nke ọkpọiso (acha anụnụ anụnụ).Eserese a na-egosi akara maka mmadụ niile gburugburu ụwa;Otú ọ dị, mgbe ihe atụ nile nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke otu na-egosipụta ọnụ n'otu oge, nkọwa nke ikposa ụkpụrụ bụ nnọọ ike n'ihi na nnukwu ego nke overlap;Ya mere, site na nanị akụkụ anọ bụ isi mpaghara mpaghara (ya bụ, Africa, Australasia-Melanesia, Europe, na Northeast Asia), ihe atụ na-agbasasị n'okpuru eserese na 3 SD virtual cranial deformation n'ime nke a nso PC scores.Na ọnụ ọgụgụ a, PC2 na PC4 bụ akara abụọ.Ndị Africa na ndị Austro-Melanesian na-agbakọta karịa ma kesaa ya n'akụkụ aka nri, ebe ndị Europe gbasasịa n'akụkụ aka ekpe elu na Northeast Asia na-agbakọba n'akụkụ aka ekpe.Igwe kwụ ọtọ nke PC2 na-egosi na ndị Melanesia Africa/Australian nwere neurocranium dị ogologo karịa ndị ọzọ.PC4, bụ nke e kewapụrụ nchikota nke Europe na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, jikọtara ya na nha nha na ntule nke ọkpụkpụ zygomatic na mpụta mpụta nke calvarium.Atụmatụ akara ngosi na-egosi na ndị Europe nwere ọkpụkpụ maxillary na zygomatic dị warara, obere oghere fossa nke oge a na-ejedebe site na zygomatic arch, ọkpụkpụ ihu dị elu kwụ ọtọ na ọkpụkpụ dị larịị, nke dị ala, ebe Northeast Asia na-enwekarị ọkpụkpụ zygomatic sara mbara ma na-ewu ewu. .A na-atụgharị ihu ihu ihu, a na-ebuli isi nke ọkpụkpụ occipital.
Mgbe ị na-elekwasị anya na PC6 na PC7 (Fig 5) (Mgbakwunye Videos S4, S5 na-egosi ihe oyiyi ndị nwere nkwarụ), ụcha agba na-egosi ọnụ ahịa bara uru karịa 0.3, na-egosi na PC6 jikọtara ya na maxillary ma ọ bụ alveolar morphology (red : X axis and green).Y axis), udi ọkpụkpụ oge (acha anụnụ anụnụ: Y na Z axes) na ọkpụkpụ occipital (pink: X na Z axes).Na mgbakwunye na obosara ọkpọiso (acha uhie uhie: X-axis), PC7 na-ejikọta na ịdị elu nke elu maxillary alveoli (green: Y-axis) na isi isi Z-axis gburugburu mpaghara parietotemporal (acha anụnụ anụnụ).N'elu panel nke eserese 5, a na-ekesa ihe nlele mpaghara niile dịka akara PC6 na PC7 siri dị.N'ihi na ROC na-egosi na PC6 nwere atụmatụ pụrụ iche na Europe na PC7 na-anọchi anya njirimara ndị Amerịka na nyocha a, a họpụtara ahọpụtara mpaghara mpaghara abụọ a n'ụdị axes a.Ụmụ amaala America, ọ bụ ezie na etinyere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na nlele ahụ, gbasasịa n'akụkụ aka ekpe elu;N'aka nke ọzọ, ọtụtụ ihe atụ ndị Europe na-adịkarị na akuku aka nri ala.Otu PC6 na PC7 na-anọchite anya usoro alveolar dị warara na neurocranium dịtụ ala nke ndị Europe, ebe ndị America na-eji ọkpọiso dị warara, nnukwu maxilla, na usoro alveolar sara mbara na ogologo.
Nyocha ROC gosiri na PC3 na/ma ọ bụ PC9 bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia.N'ihi ya, akara abụọ PC3 (ihu elu akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na y-axis) na PC9 ( ihu akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na y-axis) (Fig 6; Videos mgbakwunye S6, S7 na-enye ihe oyiyi morphed) na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke East Asia., nke dị nnọọ iche na oke ihu dị elu nke Northeast Asia na ọdịdị ihu dị ala nke ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.E wezụga ọdịdị ihu ndị a, ihe ọzọ e ji mara ụfọdụ ndị Northeast Asia bụ lambda tilt nke ọkpụkpụ occipital, ebe ụfọdụ ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia nwere isi okpokoro isi dị warara.
Nkọwa nke dị n'elu nke ihe ndị bụ isi na nkọwa nke PC5 na PC8 ka ewepụrụ n'ihi na ọ dịghị njirimara mpaghara a kapịrị ọnụ ahụrụ n'etiti mpaghara isi ala itoolu.PC5 na-ezo aka n'ogo nke usoro mastoid nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ, na PC8 na-egosipụtakwa asymmetry nke ọdịdị okpokoro isi n'ozuzu ya, ha abụọ na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti nchịkọta ihe atụ nke ala itoolu.
Na mgbakwunye na mgbasasịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsị)) nke ọkwa PCA nke ọ bụla n'otu n'otu, anyị na-enyekwa usoro mgbasa ozi nke otu maka ntụnyere n'ozuzu ya.Iji mezuo nke a, e mepụtara ihe nlere nke cranial homology site na nchịkọta data vertex nke ụdị homology n'otu n'otu sitere na agbụrụ 148.A na-egosi atụmatụ ọnụọgụ abụọ nke akara akara maka PC2 na PC4, PC6 na PC7 na PC3 na PC9 na Ntụnye mgbakwunye S1, gbakọọ niile dị ka nkezi ihe atụ okpokoro isi maka ihe atụ nke mmadụ 148.N'ụzọ dị otú a, mgbasa ozi na-ezobe ọdịiche dị n'otu n'otu n'ime otu ọ bụla, na-enye ohere ịkọwapụta nke ọma nke isi okpokoro isi n'ihi nkesa mpaghara dị n'okpuru ebe, ebe ụkpụrụ dabara na nke e gosipụtara na atụmatụ nke onye ọ bụla na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla.Eserese mgbakwunye S2 na-egosi n'ozuzu ụkpụrụ maka mpaghara mpaghara ọ bụla.
Na mgbakwunye na PC1, nke ejikọtara ya na nha n'ozuzu ya (S2 mgbakwunye), mmekọrịta allometric n'etiti nha n'ozuzu ya na ọdịdị okpokoro isi ka a na-enyocha site na iji akụkụ centroid na nhazi PCA site na data ndị na-abụghị nke nkịtị.Ọnụ ọgụgụ Allometric, ụkpụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, t ụkpụrụ, na ụkpụrụ P na ule dị mkpa ka e gosiri na Tebụl 4. Ọ dịghị ihe dị ịrịba ama allometric ụkpụrụ components jikọtara na mkpokọta okpokoro isi a hụrụ na ọ bụla cranial morphology na P <0.05 larịị.
N'ihi na enwere ike itinye ihe ụfọdụ nha na atụmatụ PC dabere na usoro data anaghị ahazi, anyị nyochakwara usoro allometric n'etiti nha centroid na akara PC gbakọrọ site na iji usoro data emeziri site na nha centroid (a na-egosi nsonaazụ PCA na akara akara na tebụl mgbakwunye S6. ) .,C7).Tebụl 4 na-egosi nsonaazụ nke nyocha allometric.Ya mere, a chọtara ihe omume allometric dị ịrịba ama na ọkwa 1% na PC6 yana na ọkwa 5% na PC10.Ọgụgụ 7 na-egosi mkpọda mkpọda nke njikọ log-linear ndị a n'etiti akara PC na nha centroid na dummies (± 3 SD) na njedebe ọ bụla nke nha log centroid.Akara PC6 bụ nha nke ịdị elu ya na obosara nke okpokoro isi.Ka okpokoro isi na-abawanye, okpokoro isi na ihu na-adị elu, ọkpọiso, oghere anya na imi na-adịkarị nso n'akụkụ.Usoro nke ịchụsa ihe atụ na-egosi na a na-ahụkarị nke a na Northeast Asia na ndị America America.Ọzọkwa, PC10 na-egosi omume maka mbelata nha anya na obosara etiti ihu n'agbanyeghị mpaghara mpaghara.
Maka mmekọrịta dị ịrịba ama nke e depụtara na tebụl, mkpọda nke log-linear regression n'etiti PC nke akụkụ nke ọdịdị ahụ (enwetara site na data nkịtị) na nha centroid, nrụrụ ọdịdị nke ọma nwere nha nke 3 SD na Akụkụ ihu nke ahịrị 4.
E gosipụtawo ụkpụrụ mgbanwe ndị na-esonụ na morphology cranial site na nyocha nke datasets nke ụdị elu 3D homoloous.Akụkụ mbụ nke PCA metụtara nha okpokoro isi n'ozuzu ya.Ọ dịla anya a na-eche na obere okpokoro isi nke South Asia, gụnyere ụdị si India, Sri Lanka na Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, bụ n'ihi obere ahụ ha dị ntakịrị, kwekọrọ na iwu ecogeographic Bergmann ma ọ bụ iwu agwaetiti613,5,16,25. 27,62 .Nke mbụ metụtara okpomọkụ, nke abụọ na-adabere na ohere dịnụ na ihe oriri nke niche gburugburu ebe obibi.N'ime akụkụ nke ọdịdị, mgbanwe kachasị ukwuu bụ nha nke ogologo na obosara nke cranial vault.Njirimara a, nke akpọrọ PC2, na-akọwa mmekọrịta chiri anya dị n'etiti okpokoro isi nke ndị Austro-Melanesian na ndị Africa, yana ọdịiche dị na okpokoro isi nke ụfọdụ ndị Europe na Northeast Asia.Akọpụtala njirimara ndị a n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ gara aga dabere na nha ahịrị dị mfe37,63,64.Ọzọkwa, a na-ejikọta àgwà a na brachycephaly na ndị na-abụghị ndị Africa, bụ nke a na-atụle ogologo oge na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara anthropometric na osteometric.Isi echiche dị n'azụ nkọwa a bụ na mastication na-ebelata, dị ka ịhịa aka n'ahụ nke anụ ahụ nwa oge, na-ebelata nrụgide n'elu isi isi5,8,9,10,11,12,13.Echiche ọzọ na-agụnye ime mgbanwe na ihu igwe oyi site n'ibelata ebe elu isi, na-atụ aro na okpokoro isi na-ebelata elu elu karịa ọdịdị okirikiri, dịka iwu Allen16,17,25 siri dị.Dabere na nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a, a ga-enyocha echiche ndị a naanị na-adabere na njikọta nke akụkụ cranial.Na nchịkọta, nsonaazụ PCA anyị anaghị akwado nke ọma n'echiche bụ na ọnọdụ ịta nri na-emetụta oke ogologo-obosara cranial, ebe ọ bụ na PC2 (akụkụ ogologo/brachycephalic) emetụtaghị oke ihu (gụnyere oke maxillary).na oghere ikwu nke fossa nwa oge (na-egosipụta olu nke akwara temporalis).Ọmụmụ ihe anyị ugbu a enyochaghị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịdị okpokoro isi na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka okpomọkụ;Otú ọ dị, nkọwa dabere n'iwu Allen nwere ike ịba uru ịtụle dị ka echiche onye nyocha iji kọwaa brachycephalon na mpaghara ihu igwe oyi.
Achọpụtara mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na PC4, na-atụ aro na ndị Northeast Asia nwere nnukwu ọkpụkpụ zygomatic a ma ama na ọkpụkpụ maxilla na zygomatic.Nchoputa a dabara na njirimara a ma ama nke ndị Siberia, bụ ndị a na-eche na ha dabara na ihu igwe dị oke oyi site n'ịga n'ihu nke ọkpụkpụ zygomatic, na-ebute mmụba nke sinuses na ihu dị nro 65 .Ihe nchoputa ohuru sitere na ihe nlere di nma anyi bu na ntì na-ada na ndi Europe na-ejikọta ya na mkpọda ihu mbelata, yana ọkpụkpụ gbawara agbawa ma dị warara na concavity nuchal.N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị Northeast Eshia na-enwekarị ọkpọiso mkpọdada na mpaghara occipital.Nnyocha nke ọkpụkpụ occipital na-eji usoro geometric morphometric35 egosila na skulls Asia na Europe nwere ụda nuchal dị nro na ọnọdụ dị ala nke occiput ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị Africa.Otú ọ dị, ihe mgbasa anyị nke PC2 na PC4 na PC3 na PC9 ụzọ abụọ gosipụtara mgbanwe dị ukwuu na ndị Eshia, ebe ndị Europe ji ebe dị larịị nke occiput na obere occiput mara.Nkwekọrịta na njirimara Eshia n'etiti ọmụmụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọdịiche dị na ihe atụ nke agbụrụ ejiri mee ihe, dịka anyị na-atụle ọtụtụ agbụrụ sitere na ụdị dị iche iche nke Northeast na Southeast Asia.Mgbanwe na ọdịdị nke ọkpụkpụ occipital na-ejikọta ya na mmepe akwara.Otú ọ dị, nkọwa a na-agbanwe agbanwe anaghị akọwa njikọ dị n'etiti ọkpọiso na ọdịdị occiput, bụ nke e gosipụtara n'ọmụmụ ihe a mana o yighị ka egosipụtara ya nke ọma.N'akụkụ a, ọ bara uru ịtụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nguzozi arọ ahụ na etiti ike ndọda ma ọ bụ nkwonkwo cervical (foramen magnum) ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ.
Akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke nwere nnukwu mgbanwe dị iche iche metụtara mmepe nke ngwa masticatory, nke maxillary na temporal fossae na-anọchi anya ya, nke a na-akọwa site na nchikota nke PC6, PC7 na PC4.Mbelata ndị a nwere akara na ngalaba cranial na-akọwapụta ndị Europe karịa otu mpaghara mpaghara ọ bụla.A kọwapụtara atụmatụ a n'ihi mbelata nkwụsi ike nke ọdịdị ihu n'ihi mmalite mmalite nke usoro ọrụ ugbo na usoro nkwadebe nri, nke na-ebelata ibu ọrụ na ngwa masticatory na-enweghị ngwa masticatory dị ike9,12,28,66.Dị ka echiche ọrụ masticatory si kwuo, 28 nke a na-esonyere mgbanwe mgbanwe nke isi okpokoro isi na akụkụ dị ukwuu nke cranial na elu ụlọ.Site n'echiche a, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enwekarị ihu kọmpat, obere mpụta nke anụ ahụ, yana meninges nke ụwa.Ya mere, a pụrụ ịkọwa nrụrụ a site na nkọwapụta n'ozuzu nke akụkụ akụkụ nke okpokoro isi nke ndị Europe nwere akụkụ ahụ masticatory belata.Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọmụmụ a si kwuo, nkọwa a dị mgbagwoju anya n'ihi na ọrụ dị mkpa nke mmekọrịta morphological n'etiti globose neurocranium na mmepe nke ngwa masticatory adịghị anabata, dị ka a tụlere na nkọwa ndị gara aga nke PC2.
Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị Northeast Asia na ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihu toro ogologo nke nwere ọkpụkpụ mgbada na ihu dị mkpụmkpụ nke nwere isi okpokoro isi dị warara, dịka egosiri na PC3 na PC9.N'ihi enweghị data geoecological, ọmụmụ anyị na-enye naanị nkọwa zuru oke maka nchoputa a.Nkọwa enwere ike bụ ime mgbanwe na ihu igwe dị iche ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nri.Na mgbakwunye na ngbanwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-eburukwa n'uche ọdịiche dị na mpaghara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị bi na Northeast na Southeast Asia.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Eurasia, a na-echepụta ihe nlereanya nwere akwa abụọ iji ghọta mgbasa nke ụmụ mmadụ nke oge a (AMH) dabere na data morphometric cranial67,68.Dị ka ihe nlereanya a si dị, "ọkwa mbụ", ya bụ, ndị mbụ dị iche iche nke Late Pleistocene AMH colonizers, nwere ma ọ bụ karịa kpọmkwem sitere na ụmụ amaala bi na mpaghara, dị ka Austro-Melanesia n'oge a (p. First stratum)., ma mesịa nweta nnukwu admixture nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ugwu nke nwere àgwà ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Asia (okpukpu nke abụọ) n'ime mpaghara ahụ (ihe dị ka afọ 4,000 gara aga).A ga-achọgharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na iji ụdị “oyi akwa abụọ” iji ghọta ọdịdị cranial Southeast Asia, ebe ọ bụ na ụdị cranial Southeast Asia nwere ike dabere na akụkụ nke ihe nketa mkpụrụ ndụ ọkwa ọkwa mbụ mpaghara.
Site n'ịtụle myirịta cranial site na iji nkeji mpaghara mapụtara site na iji ụdị ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, anyị nwere ike ịkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke AMF na ọnọdụ dị na mpụga Africa.Ọtụtụ ụdị "si n'Africa" dị iche iche ka akwadoro iji kọwaa nkesa AMF dabere na skeletal na genomic data.N'ime ndị a, nnyocha ndị na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na ọchịchị AMH nke mpaghara na-abụghị Africa malitere ihe dịka 177,000 afọ gara aga69,70.Otú ọ dị, nkesa AMF dị anya na Eurasia n'oge a ka bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka, ebe ọ bụ na ebe obibi nke ihe ndị mbụ a na-ejedebe na Middle East na Mediterranean dị nso Africa.Okwu kachasị mfe bụ otu mmezi n'okporo ụzọ isi Africa na-akwaga Eurasia, na-agafe ihe mgbochi mpaghara dịka Himalaya.Ihe nlereanya ọzọ na-egosi ọtụtụ ebili mmiri nke ịkwaga, nke mbụ sitere na Africa n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri India ruo Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na Australia, wee gbasaa na ugwu Eurasia.Ọtụtụ n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-akwado na AMF gbasaara n'ofe Africa gburugburu 60,000 afọ gara aga.N'akụkụ a, ihe nlele Australasian-Melanesian (gụnyere Papua) na-egosi myirịta dị ukwuu na ihe atụ ndị Africa karịa n'usoro mpaghara ala ọ bụla ọzọ na nyocha ihe ndị bụ isi nke ụdị homology.Nchọpụta a na-akwado echiche na ndị mbụ nkesa AMF n'akụkụ ndịda nke Eurasia bilitere ozugbo na Africa22,68 na-enweghị mgbanwe mgbanwe ọdịdị ọdịdị dị iche iche na nzaghachi na ihu igwe ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama.
N'ihe gbasara uto allometric, nyocha site na iji akụkụ ọdịdị nke ewepụtara site na data dị iche iche nke nha centroid mere ka ọ dị mma gosipụtara omume allometric dị ịrịba ama na PC6 na PC10.Akụkụ abụọ a metụtara ọdịdị ihu ihu na akụkụ nke ihu, nke na-adịwanye warara ka ọkpụkpụ okpokoro isi na-abawanye.Ndị Northeast Asia na ndị America na-enwekarị akụkụ a ma nwee okpokoro isi buru ibu.Nchọpụta a megidere usoro allometric nke akọwara na mbụ nke ụbụrụ buru ibu nwere lobes ihu n'ihu na mpaghara a na-akpọ "Broca's cap", na-ebute mmụba n'ihu lobe wide34.A na-akọwa ọdịiche ndị a site n'iche dị iche iche na nhazi ihe atụ;Ọmụmụ ihe anyị tụlere ụkpụrụ allometric nke nha cranial n'ozuzu site na iji ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ, yana ọmụmụ ihe atụnyere usoro ogologo oge na mgbanwe mmadụ metụtara nha ụbụrụ.
Banyere allometry ihu, otu nnyocha na-eji biometric data78 chọpụtara na ọdịdị ihu na nha ya nwere ike ijikọta ntakịrị, ebe ọmụmụ anyị chọpụtara na okpokoro isi buru ibu na-ejikọta ya na ihu toro ogologo ma dị warara.Agbanyeghị, nkwekọ nke data biometric edoghị anya;Nnwale nlọghachi azụ na-atụnyere ontogenetic allometry na static allometry na-egosi nsonaazụ dị iche iche.A kọwokwa àgwà allometric n'ebe ọkpụkpụ okpokoro isi dị n'ihi ụbara ịdị elu;Otú ọ dị, anyị enyochaghị data dị elu.Ọmụmụ ihe anyị na-egosi na ọ nweghị data allometric na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti oke cranial globular na mkpokọta cranial kwa otu.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe anyị ugbu a adịghị emetụta data na mgbanwe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ihu igwe ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nri na-anọchi anya ya nke nwere ike imetụta morphology cranial, nnukwu data set nke homologous 3D cranial surface ụdị eji na ọmụmụ a ga-enyere aka nyochaa phenotypic morphological mgbanwe mgbanwe.Ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka nri, ihu igwe na ọnọdụ nri, yana ike na-anọpụ iche dị ka mbugharị, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mbugharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
Ọmụmụ ihe a gụnyere ụdị okpokoro isi nwoke 342 anakọtara site na mmadụ 148 na mpaghara mpaghara 9 (Table 1).Ọtụtụ ndị otu bụ ụdị ala ala, ebe ụfọdụ ndị dị n'Africa, Northeast/Southeast Asia na America (e depụtara na mkpụrụedemede) ka akọwara n'ụzọ agbụrụ.A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị ụdị cranial site na nchekwa data nha cranial dịka nkọwa nha cranial Martin si dị nke Tsunehiko Hanihara nyere.Anyị họpụtara okpokoro isi nwoke na-anọchite anya agbụrụ niile dị n'ụwa.Iji mata ndị otu ọ bụla, anyị gbakọrọ anya Euclidean dabere na nha cranial 37 sitere na otu pụtara maka ndị niile so na otu ahụ.N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, anyị na-ahọrọ ihe nlele 1-4 nwere ntakịrị anya site na ihe ọ pụtara (Mgbakwunye Tebụl S4).Maka otu ndị a, ahọpụtara ụfọdụ nlele na enweghị usoro ma ọ bụrụ na edepụtaghị ha na nchekwa data nha Hahara.
Maka ntụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ, a na-achịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na 148 n'ime nnukwu mpaghara mpaghara, dị ka egosiri na Tebụl 1. Otu "African" nwere naanị ihe nlele sitere na mpaghara ndịda Sahara.A na-etinye ihe ngosi sitere na North Africa na "Middle East" yana ụdị si West Asia nwere ọnọdụ ndị yiri ya.Ndị otu Northeast Asia gụnyere naanị ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe, na ndị America na-agụnye naanị ụmụ amaala America.Karịsịa, a na-ekesa otu a n'ọtụtụ ebe nke North na South America, na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche.Agbanyeghị, anyị na-atụle ihe nlele US n'ime otu mpaghara mpaghara a, nyere akụkọ gbasara igwe mmadụ nke ụmụ amaala America a na-ewere na ha sitere na Northeast Asia, n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ ọpụpụ 80.
Anyị dekọtara data elu 3D nke ụdị okpokoro isi ndị a dị iche site na iji nyocha 3D dị elu (EinScan Pro site Shining 3D Co Ltd, mkpebi kacha nta: 0.5 mm, https://www.shining3d.com/) wee mepụta ntupu.Ụdị ntupu ahụ nwere ihe dị ka vertices 200,000–400,000, yana sọftụwia etinyere na-eji mejuo oghere na ọnụ dị larịị.
Na nzọụkwụ mbụ, anyị na-eji data nyocha sitere na okpokoro isi ọ bụla iji mepụta ụdị okpokoro isi ntupu nwere otu akụkụ nke nwere 4485 vertices (ihu 8728 polygonal).E wepụrụ isi mpaghara okpokoro isi, nke nwere ọkpụkpụ sphenoid, ọkpụkpụ anụ ahụ, palate, maxillary alveoli, na ezé, na ụdị ntupu nke template.Ihe kpatara ya bụ na ihe owuwu ndị a na-ezughị ezu mgbe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ na-esiri ike imecha n'ihi akụkụ dị nro ma ọ bụ dị nro dị ka pterygoid na-ebupụta na usoro styloid, ezé ezé na / ma ọ bụ na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ nke ezé.Akpụgharịghị isi okpokoro isi nke dị n'akụkụ foramen magnum, gụnyere ntọala, n'ihi na nke a bụ ebe dị mkpa dị mkpa maka ebe nkwonkwo cervical na ịdị elu nke okpokoro isi ga-enyocha.Jiri mgbanaka enyo mee ka ndebiri dị n'akụkụ abụọ.Mee meshing isotropic iji tụgharịa ụdị polygon ka ọ bụrụ nha nhata dịka enwere ike.
Na-esote, e kenyere akara ngosi 56 n'akụkụ akụkụ nke ụdị ndebiri ahụ site na iji ngwanrọ HBM-Rugle.Ntọala akara ala na-ahụ maka izi ezi na nkwụsi ike nke nguzobe ala ma hụ na nkwekọ nke ebe ndị a dị n'ụdị homology emepụtara.Enwere ike mata ha dabere na njirimara ha akọwapụtara, dị ka egosiri na tebụl mgbakwunye S5 na S3 mgbakwunye.Dịka nkọwapụta Bookstein81 siri dị, ọtụtụ n'ime akara ala ndị a bụ akara ala Ụdị I nke dị na njikọ nke ihe owuwu atọ, na ụfọdụ bụ akara ala Ụdị II nwere isi ngụ kacha.Ebufere ọtụtụ akara ala site na isi ihe akọwara maka nha cranial linear na nkọwa Martin 36. Anyị kọwapụtara otu akara ngosi 56 ahụ maka ụdị nyocha nke ụdị okpokoro isi 342, bụ nke ejiri aka kenyere na vertices kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ iji mepụta ụdị homology ziri ezi na ngalaba na-esote.
A kọwapụtara usoro nhazi isi-centric iji kọwapụta data nyocha na ndebiri, dị ka egosiri na Mgbakwunye S4.Ụgbọ elu XZ bụ ụgbọ elu Frankfurt na-agafe agafe nke na-agafe ebe kachasị elu (nkọwa Martin: akụkụ) nke elu elu nke akụkụ aka ekpe na aka nri mpụga ọwa mmiri na ebe kachasị ala (nkọwa Martin: orbit) nke ala akụkụ nke akụkụ aka ekpe nke orbit. ..Axis X bụ ahịrị jikọtara akụkụ aka ekpe na aka nri, yana X+ bụ akụkụ aka nri.Ụgbọ elu YZ na-agafe n'etiti akụkụ aka ekpe na aka nri na mgbọrọgwụ nke imi: Y+ elu, Z+ n'ihu.A na-edobe ebe ntụaka (mmalite: efu coordinate) na nkwụsị nke ụgbọ elu YZ (midplane), ụgbọ elu XZ (ụgbọ elu Frankfort) na ụgbọ elu XY (ụgbọ elu coronal).
Anyị ji sọftụwia HBM-Rugle (Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/) mepụta ụdị ntupu homologous site n'ịmepụta ndebiri dabara na iji akara akara 56 (akụkụ aka ekpe nke eserese 1).Isi akụrụngwa akụrụngwa, nke Center for Digital Human Research mebere na Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology na Japan, ka a na-akpọ HBM ma nwee ọrụ maka itinye ndebiri site na iji akara ala yana imepụta ụdị ntupu dị mma site na iji nkebi elu82.Ụdị sọftụwia (mHBM) 83 na-esote gbakwunyere atụmatụ maka ịkwado ụkpụrụ na-enweghị akara ala iji kwalite arụmọrụ dabara adaba.HBM-Rugle na-ejikọta sọftụwia mHBM yana njirimara enyi na enyi ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịhazi sistemu nhazi yana megharịa data ntinye.Ekwenyere ntụkwasị obi nke dabara adaba ngwanrọ n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Mgbe ị na-etinye ndebiri HBM-Rugle site na iji akara ala, ụdị ntupu nke template na-adabere na data nyocha nke ebumnuche site na ndebanye aha siri ike dabere na teknụzụ ICP (na-ebelata nchikota anya dị n'etiti akara akara kwekọrọ na ndebiri na data nyocha ebumnuche), yana mgbe ahụ site na-abụghị isiike deformation nke ntupu adapts template ka lekwasịrị anya iṅomi data.A na-emegharị usoro kwesịrị ekwesị a ugboro atọ site na iji ụkpụrụ dị iche iche nke ihe abụọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji meziwanye izi ezi nke dabara adaba.Otu n'ime paramita ndị a na-amachi anya dị n'etiti ụdị grid template yana data nyocha ebumnuche, nke ọzọ na-amachi anya n'etiti akara ngosi ndebiri na akara akara ebumnuche.Ekewaziri ụdị ntupu ahụ nrụrụ aka site na iji subdivision elu algọridim 82 cyclic iji mepụta ụdị ntupu a nụchara anụcha karịa nke nwere vertices 17,709 (34,928 polygons).N'ikpeazụ, ụdị grid template nke kewara dabara adaba na data nyocha nke ebumnuche iji mepụta ụdị homology.Ebe ọ bụ na ebe akara ngosi dịtụ iche na nke dị na data nyocha nke ebumnuche, ụdị homology dị mma nke ọma iji kọwaa ha site na iji usoro nhazi nhazi isi nke akọwara na ngalaba gara aga.Nkezi anya dị n'etiti akara ngosi ihe nlere anya kwekọrọ na data nyocha ebumnuche n'omume niile bụ <0.01 mm.N'ịgbakọ site na iji ọrụ HBM-Rugle, nkezi anya dị n'etiti isi ihe ihe nlere homology na data nyocha ebumnuche bụ 0.322 mm (Ntinye mgbakwunye S2).
Iji kọwaa mgbanwe dị na morphology cranial, 17,709 vertices (53,127 XYZ coordinates) nke ụdị ụdị ọ bụla ka a tụlere site na nyocha akụrụngwa akụrụngwa (PCA) site na iji ngwanrọ HBS nke Center for Digital Human Science mepụtara na Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology., Japan (onye na-ere ahịa nkesa: Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/).Anyị nwara itinye PCA na nhazi data na-ezighi ezi yana nhazi data nke nha centroid kwadoro.Ya mere, PCA dabere na data enweghị ọkọlọtọ nwere ike kọwapụta nke ọma ọdịdị cranial nke nkeji mpaghara itoolu ma kwado nkọwa akụrụngwa karịa PCA site na iji data ahaziri ahazi.
Edemede a na-egosi ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị bụ isi achọpụtara yana ntinye ihe karịrị 1% nke mgbanwe niile.Iji chọpụta ihe ndị bụ isi kachasị dị irè n'ịkewa otu dị iche iche n'ofe mpaghara mpaghara, a na-etinye nyocha njirimara ọrụ nnabata (ROC) na akara akụrụngwa (PC) na ntinye karịa 2% 84.Ntụle a na-ewepụta usoro ihe gbasara nke puru omume maka akụrụngwa PCA ọ bụla iji melite arụmọrụ nhazi yana tulee nkata n'etiti otu mpaghara.Enwere ike nyochaa ogo nke ike ịkpa oke site na mpaghara n'okpuru usoro (AUC), ebe PCA nwere ụkpụrụ buru ibu na-enwe ike ịkpa oke n'etiti otu.Emechara ule chi-square iji chọpụta ọkwa ọ dị.Emere nyocha ROC na Microsoft Excel site na iji Bell Curve maka ngwanrọ Excel (ụdị 3.21).
Iji were anya nke uche hụ ọdịiche dị na mpaghara dị na morphology cranial, a na-emepụta ihe mgbasasịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsị))> ndị na-eme ka a na-ekesa plọt.Iji kọwapụta ihe ndị bụ isi, jiri maapụ ụcha were were anya nke uche hụ vertices ụdị nke jikọtara ya na ihe ndị bụ isi.Na mgbakwunye, a na-agbakọ ihe nlere anya nke nsọtụ nke axes isi akụrụngwa dị na ±3 ọkọlọtọ ngbanwe (SD) nke akara akụrụngwa bụ isi wee gosipụta ya na vidiyo mgbakwunye.
A na-eji Allometry chọpụta njikọ dị n'etiti ọdịdị okpokoro isi na nha ihe ndị a tụlere na nyocha PCA.Nyocha a bara uru maka ihe ndị bụ isi nwere ntinye> 1%.Otu mmachi nke PCA a bụ na akụrụngwa udi enweghị ike igosi udi n'otu n'otu n'ihi na usoro data anaghị ahazi anaghị ewepụ ihe niile gbasara akụkụ.Na mgbakwunye na iji usoro data na-enweghị usoro, anyị tụlekwara usoro allometric site na iji nkeji irighiri PC dabere na data nha nha centroid nke etinyere na ihe ndị bụ isi nwere onyinye> 1%.
A nwalere usoro alometric site na iji nhata Y = aXb 85 ebe Y bụ udi ma ọ bụ oke nke akụrụngwa, X bụ nha centroid (Mgbakwunye Tebụlụ S2), a bụ uru na-adịgide adịgide, na b bụ ọnụọgụ allometric.Usoro a na-ewebata ọmụmụ ihe uto allometric n'ime geometric morphometry78,86.Ngbanwe logarithmic nke usoro a bụ: log Y = b × log X + log a.A na-etinye nyocha nlọghachi azụ site na iji usoro akụkụ anọ kacha nta iji gbakọọ a na b.Mgbe Y (centroid size) na X (PC scores) gbanwere logarithmically, ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-adị mma;Otú ọ dị, nhazi nke atụmatụ X nwere ụkpụrụ na-adịghị mma.Dị ka ihe ngwọta, anyị gbakwunyere ịgbakọ na uru zuru oke nke ntakiri ntakiri gbakwunyere 1 maka akụkụ nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkụ nke ọ bụla wee tinye mgbanwe logarithmic na akụkụ niile gbanwere.A tụlere mkpa ọnụọgụ allometric pụtara site na iji ule ọdụdụ abụọ nke Student's t.A na-eme ngụkọ ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a iji nwalee uto allometric site na iji Bell Curves na ngwanrọ Excel (ụdị 3.21).
Wolpoff, MH ihu igwe mmetụta na imi nke ọkpụkpụ.Ee.J. Phys.Ndi mmadu.29, 405–423.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330290315 (1968).
Beals, ụdị isi KL na nrụgide ihu igwe.Ee.J. Phys.Ndi mmadu.37, 85–92 .https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330370111 (1972).
Oge nzipu: Eprel-02-2024